1 SOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM J.Godson 1,M.Karthick 2,T.Muthukrishnan 3,M.S.Sivagamasundari 4 Final year UG students, Department of EEE,V V College of Engineering,Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli, India 1,2&3 Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli, India 4 ABSTRACT: Renewable energy sources i.e.,energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, hydro power, geothermal and ocean resources are considered as a technological option for generating clean energy. But the energy generated from solar and wind is much less than the production by fossil fuels, however, electricity generation by utilizing PV cells and wind turbine increased rapidly in recent years. This paper presents the Solar-Wind hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity. System control relies mainly on micro controller. It ensures the optimum utilization of resources and hence improve the efficiency as compared with their individual mode of generation. Also it increases the reliability and reduces the dependence on one single source. This hybrid solar-wind power generating system is suitable for industries and also domestic areas. Keywords: Solar energy, Wind energy, Renewable energy, PV cell, Hybrid power system I. INTRODUCTION We all know that the world is facing a major threat of fast depletion of the fossil fuel reserves. Most of the present energy demand is met by fossil and nuclear power plants. A small part is met by renewable energy technologies such as the wind, solar, biomass, geothermal etc. There will soon be a time when we will face a severe fuel shortage. As per the law of conservation of energy, Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed, but it can only be converted from one form to another. Most of the research now is about how to conserve the energy and how to utilize the energy in a better way. Research has also been into the development of reliable and robust systems to harness energy from nonconventional energy resources. Among them, the wind and solar power sources have experienced a remarkably rapid growth in the past 10 years. Both are pollution free sources of abundant power. With high economic growth rates and over 17 percent of the world s population, India is a significant consumer of energy resources. Despite the global financial crisis, India s energy demand continues to rise. India consumes its maximum energy in Residential, commercial and agricultural purposes in comparison to China, Japan, and Russia.[1] Solar energy is energy from the Sun. It is renewable, inexhaustible and environmental pollution free. Solar charged battery systems provide power supply for complete 24 hours a day irrespective of bad weather. By adopting the appropriate technology for the concerned geographical location, we can extract a large amount of power from solar radiations. More over solar energy is expected to be the most promising alternate source of energy. The global search and the rise in the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-demand of electricity product almost impossible especially in some remote areas. Generators which are often used as an alternative to conventional power supply systems are known to be run only during certain hours of the day, and the cost of fueling them is increasingly becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial purposes. Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It has been used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain and for irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since ancient times and at the beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed in many countries particularly in the rural areas. Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbines can be used singly or in clusters called wind farms. Copyright to IJAREEIE
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Transcription2 There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such as photovoltaic system and Wind power have an important role to play in order to save the situation. Hybrid power system consist of a combination of renewable energy source such as wind generators, solar etc of charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy demand, considering the local geography and other details of the place of installation. These types of systems are not connected to the main utility grid. They are also used in stand-alone applications and operate independently and reliably. The best application for these type of systems are in remote places, such as rural villages, in telecommunications etc. The importance of hybrid systems has grown as they appear to be the right solution for a clean and distributed energy production.[1] This paper presents the Solar-Wind hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate and supply electricity to a private house, farm house, a small company, an educational institution or an apartment house depending on the need at the site where used. II. SOLAR WIND HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM Fig.1. Block Diagram Solar-Wind hybrid Power system is the combined power generating system by wind mill and solar energy panel. It also includes a battery which is used to store the energy generated from both the sources. Using this system power generation by windmill when wind source is available and generation from PV module when light radiation is available can be achieved. Both units can be generated power when both sources are available. By providing the battery uninterrupted power supply is possible when both sources are idle. Fig.1. shows the functional block diagram of hybrid wind solar energy system. The power generated from wind mill is of AC voltage which is converted through AC-DC rectifier. A special type of converter is used to step up or step down through MOSFET switching called SEPIC converter for wind mill. For solar system cuk converter is used for the regulation. The micro controller incorporated in this scheme, which regularly refers the operation of sources and switches the corresponding converters and fed into change the battery or to the load through inverters. The output of the inverter is connected with the load and after that the voltage is stepped up by a transformer. The driver circuit is used to give the gate signal for the MOSFET of converters. III.IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM Intermittent energy resources and energy resources unbalance are the most important reason to install a hybrid energy supply system. The Solar PV wind hybrid system suits to conditions where sunlight and wind has seasonal shifts.[2] As the wind does not blow throughout the day and the sun does not shine for the entire day, using a single source will not be a suitable choice. A hybrid arrangement of combining the power harnessed from both the wind and the sun and stored in a battery can be a much more reliable and realistic power source. The load can still be powered using the stored energy in the batteries even when there is no sun or wind. Hybrid systems are usually built for design of systems with lowest possible cost and also with maximum reliability. The high cost of solar PV cells makes it less competent for larger capacity designs. This is where the wind turbine comes into the picture, the main feature being its Copyright to IJAREEIE 3 cheap cost as compared to the PV cells. Battery system is needed to store solar and wind energy produced during the day time. During night time, the presence of wind is an added advantage, which increases the reliability of the system. In the monsoon seasons, the effect of sun is less at the site and thus it is apt to use a hybrid wind solar system. The system components are as follows. 1.Photovoltaic solar power Solar panels are the medium to convert solar energy into the electrical energy. Solar panels can convert the energy directly or heat the water with the induced energy. PV (Photo-voltaic) cells are made up from semiconductor structures as in the computer technologies. Sun rays are absorbed with this material and electrons are emitted from the atoms.this release activates a current. Photovoltaic is known as the process between radiation absorbed and the electricity induced. Solar power is converted into the electric power by a common principle called photo electric effect. The solar cell array or panel consists of an appropriate number of solar cell modules connected in series or parallel based on the required current and voltage. 2. Wind Power The wind energy is a renewable source of energy. Wind turbines are used to convert the wind power into electric power. Electric generator inside the turbine converts the mechanical power into the electric power. Wind turbine systems are available ranging from 50W to 3-4 MW. The energy production by wind turbines depends on the wind velocity acting on the turbine. Wind power is able to feed both energy production and demand in the rural areas. It is used to run a windmill which in turn drives a wind generator or wind turbine to produce electricity.[3] 3. Batteries The batteries in the system provide to store the electricity that is generated from the wind or the solar power. Any required capacity can be obtained by serial or parallel connections of the batteries. The battery that provides the most advantageous operation in the solar and wind power systems are maintenance free dry type and utilizes the special electrolytes. These batteries provide a perfect performance for long discharges.[4] 4. Inverter Energy stored in the battery is drawn by electricals loads through the inverter, which converts DC power into AC power. The inverter has in-built protection for Short-Circuit, Reverse Polarity, Low Battery Voltage and Over Load. 5. Microcontroller The microcontroller compares the input of both Power system and gives the signal to the particular relay and charges the DC Battery. The DC voltage is converted into AC Supply by Inverter Circuit. The MOSFET (IRF 540) is connected to the Secondary of the centre tapped transformer. By triggering of MOSFET alternatively, the current flow in the Primary winding is also alternative in nature and we get the AC supply in the primary winding of the transformer. Copyright to IJAREEIE 4 Fig.2.Hybrid energy system Depending on the environmental conditions, required energy for the system can be supplied either separately from the wind or solar systems or using these two resources at the same time is shown in Fig. 2. IV.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The hardware of Solar PV Wind hybrid energy system is implemented and the output is fed to the load is shown in fig.3. The current and voltage values from the wind turbine, solar panels, battery group and load are measured in the implemented system. Production and consumption of power for each module are calculated. Fig.3.Experimental Setup Copyright to IJAREEIE 5 Solar-PV Wind hybrid power specifications are given below. PV Array Power = 20 watts Wind turbine/generator = 3 W System Voltage = 48V Battery=12V Inverter Rating (VA) 25 Output AC Wave form Sine-wave Output AC Voltage (Vnom), +/-10% = 230 V/AC Output Ac Frequency, Hertz, +/-0.5 % = 50 Hz. V.CONCLUSION In the present work a Solar PV Wind Hybrid Energy System was implemented. A portion of the energy requirement for a private house, farm house, a small company, an educational institution or an apartment house depending on the need at the site where used has been supplied with the electricity generated from the wind and solar power. It reduces the dependence on one single source and has increased the reliability. Hence we could improve the efficiency of the system as compared with their individual mode of generation. REFERENCES [1] Arjun A. K., Athul S., Mohamed Ayub, Neethu Ramesh, and Anith Krishnan, Micro-Hybrid Power Systems A Feasibility Study, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2013,pp [2] J.B.V.SUBRAHMANYAM, P.K.Sahoo and Madhukarreddy, Local PV-Wind hybrid systems development for supplying electricity to industry Acta Electrotechnica,Vol.53,No.1,2012,pp10-15 [3] N.Sivaramakrishna & Ch.Kasi Ramakrishna Reddy, Hybrid Power Generation through combined solar Wind power and modified solar panel International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013,pp [4] U_ur FESL, Raif BAYIR, Mahmut OZER, Design and Implementation of a Domestic Solar-Wind HybridEnergySystem,2010pp [5] [6] Solar Wind Electricity.htm Copyright to IJAREEIE Solar power Availability of solar energySolar Energy Solar Energy is radiant energy produced in the sun as a result of nuclear fusion reactions. It is transmitted to the earth through space by electromagnetic radiation in quanta of energy called More informationMicro-Hybrid Power Systems A Feasibility StudyMicro-Hybrid Power Systems A Feasibility Study Arjun A. K., Athul S., Mohamed Ayub, Neethu Ramesh, and Anith Krishnan do still believe that setting up of small and reliable hybrid power generating units More informationEnergy Storage System for Dc Micro Grid Using PIC MicrocontrollerEnergy Storage System for Dc Micro Grid Using PIC Microcontroller Sanas Renuka V 1, Patil Anupama S 2 P.G. Student, Department of Electrical Engg, Dnyanganga College of Engineering & Research, Pune, India More informationA Stable DC Power Supply for Photovoltaic SystemsInt. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering Volume 12, No. 1 (216) 67-71 A Stable DC Power Supply for Photovoltaic Systems Hussain A. Attia*, Beza Negash Getu, and Nasser A. 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Hybrid solar and wind system
Solar hybrid power systems are hybrid power systems that combine solar power from a photovoltaic system with another power generating energy source.[1][2] A common type is a photovoltaic diesel hybrid system,[3][4] combining photovoltaics (PV) and diesel generators, or diesel gensets, as PV has hardly any marginal cost and is treated with priority on the grid. The diesel gensets are used to constantly fill in the gap between the present load and the actual generated power by the PV system.[2] As solar energy is fluctuating, and the generation capacity of the diesel genesets is limited to a certain range, it is often a viable option to include battery storage in order to optimize solar's contribution to the overall generation of the hybrid system.[2][5] The best business cases for diesel reduction with solar and wind energy can normally be found in remote locations because these sites are often not connected to the grid and transport of diesel over long distances is expensive.[1] Many of these applications can be found in the mining sector [6] and on islands [2][7][8] In 2015, a case-study conducted in seven countries concluded that in all cases generating costs can be reduced by hybridising mini-grids and isolated grids. However, financing costs for diesel-powered electricity grids with solar photovoltaics are crucial and largely depend on the ownership structure of the power plant. While cost reductions for state-owned utilities can be significant, the study also identified short-term economic benefits to be insignificant or even negative for non-public utilities, such as independent power producers, given historical costs at the time of the study.[9][10] Other solar hybrids include solar-wind systems. The combination of wind and solar has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year. The power generation of such a hybrid system is more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems.[11] The intermittent / non-dispatchable solar PV at the prevailing low tariffs clubbed with Pumped-heat electricity storage can offer cheapest dispatchable power round the clock on demand. Solar thermal hybrid systems[edit]Though Solar PV generates cheaper intermittent power during the day light time, it needs the support of sustainable power generation sources to provide round the clock power. Solar thermal plants with thermal storage are clean sustainable power generation to supply electricity round the clock.[12][13] They can cater the load demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.[14] Proper mix of solar thermal (thermal storage type) and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.[15][16] During the day time, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.[14] This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the day light whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from Solar power tower and parabolic trough types) for meeting 24 hours base load operation.[17] When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap surplus / infirm power from solar PV, wind and hydro power plants by heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.[18][19] Gallery[edit]
See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
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The Case for âHybridâ Renewable Energy SystemsThere is a growing need for energy throughout the world. This insatiable demand is being driven from an ever expanding growth from the middle class of people in emerging economies looking to avail themselves of conveniences and tools that are normally taken for granted. Additionally, the worldwide explosion of technologies of all types, including personal electronics, mobile devices, and âquality of lifeâ conveniences, place a greater demand or strain on traditional grid or utility supplied energy sources. Where will this additional power come from, how will we fill the 'gap'? WindStream believes that this gap will be addressed with the aggressive deployment of clean, renewable energy devices, designed to provide the needed energy at the origin of its generation - Distributed Energy. But single source renewable energy solutions, while clean and efficient, only work when the resource is there to be harnessed. Therefore, to maximize the available resources and provide consistent and stable energy generation, WindStream believes that a mix of technologies is the only viable answer and has created the first of its kind, fully integrated Hybrid energy solution, the SolarMill®. Product OverviewThe SolarMill®, WindStream Technologiesâ hybrid system is based on a modular, scalable, distributed renewable energy system designed and optimized for on and off grid installations. At its core is a highly efficient wind energy device, utilizing three (3) low-profile vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) mounted on a single base. The units can be interconnected to increase a userâs energy production capability in low speed and turbulent wind environments commonly found at lower elevations. The turbines begin producing power from wind speeds as low as two (2) meters per second. With a design life of 20+ years, the turbines are silent and do not pose a threat to wildlife. In an effort to provide more consistent energy generation than a âwind onlyâ or âsolar onlyâ system, WindStream Technologies has developed a first-of-its-kind, fully integrated, renewable energy âHYBRIDâ product. The SolarMill® incorporates P.V. technology within a compact footprint, creating the greatest energy generation density for any product on the market. The hybrid concept of the SolarMill® is unique, seamlessly utilizing wind and solar energy generation in one unit. This allows the product to be an effective solution in markets where the natural resources available for wind or solar energy alone do not justify investment into any small wind product. Onboard each SolarMill® is WindStream Technologiesâ proprietary Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) electronics and solar charge controller, which maximize the power handling and generation capabilities of both the wind turbines and solar panels. This system maintains all power generation at maximum efficiency without the need for additional hardware or software. Standard solar or wind systems do not offer this ability, as this is unique to the WindStream platform. Why Hybrid Systems?Wind energy is available.. when the wind is blowing.. WindStreamâs engineers have developed a product to overcome the âinconsistentâ nature of renewable energy resources. By integrating wind and solar technologies in a single unit a customer can for the first time reliably depend on a renewable energy generation device. Not only does the system overcome the fluctuations of resources in a 24-hour period, but, over the course of a year as well. A hybrid energy solution smoothes out the highs and lows of energy generation periods due to seasonality as solar irradiation and wind speeds change throughout the course of the year. A truly hybrid solution will compensate for seasonal losses of power generation not solely depending on one type of renewable energy system. It is easy to see that the combination of wind and solar is a natural one, and one which is complementary on a seasonal basis: As seen above, winter months with typical reductions in solar irradiance (shorter days) bring an increased power in potential wind energy. This relationship extends to the daily cycle as well. During the mid-day, wind speeds are typically lower, but the solar potential is high. Conversely, at night winds are more typical, but there is no power available to the P.V. elements in the system. P.V. is operational only during daylight hours, which limits the overall production of a system. Wind has the potential to produce 24 hours a day, given the right conditions, but most importantly throughout evening hours when solar is not available. A hybrid approach provides a more secure and even supply of energy, and provides an energy floor in the event that a location has seasonal weaknesses in the wind resources available. There are locations that, because of seasonal variations in wind resources, do not support a wind only solution. If the production of energy during extended periods is not guaranteed, energy storage requirements to bridge the lean times are extremely expensive, and the return on investment will be excessively long. Where both wind and solar are in abundance, the products make even more sense, especially in space constrained installations. WindStream has determined the renewable resources available in 90% of the world can easily justify a hybrid energy system, not just to balance annual energy output, but to capture the available resources at the lowest cost per watt in the market for a renewable energy platform. ResourcesContact WindStreamGet in touch with our management team and company staff regarding any media inquiry, investor question, or for prospective client work. Jump to navigationJump to search
A hybrid wind and solar power system
Wind hybrid power systems combines wind turbines with other storage and/or generation sources. One of the key issues with wind energy is its intermittent nature. This has led to numerous methods of storing energy.
Wind-hydro system[edit]A wind-hydro system generates electric energy combining wind turbines and pumped storage. The combination has been the subject of long-term discussion, and an experimental plant, which also tested wind turbines, was implemented by Nova Scotia Power at its Wreck Cove hydro electric power site in the late 1970s, but was decommissioned within ten years. Since, no other system has been implemented at a single location as of late 2010.[1] Wind-hydro stations dedicate all, or a significant portion, of their wind power resources to pumping water into pumped storage reservoirs. These reservoirs are an implementation of grid energy storage. Advantages[edit]Wind and its generation potential is inherently variable. However, when this energy source is used to pump water into reservoirs at an elevation (the principle behind pumped storage), the potential energy of the water is relatively stable and can be used to generate electrical power by releasing it into a hydropower plant when needed.[2] The combination has been described as particularly suited to islands that are not connected to larger grids.[1] Proposals[edit]During the 1980s, an installation was proposed in the Netherlands.[3] The IJsselmeer would be used as the reservoir, with wind turbines located on its dike.[4] Feasibility studies have been conducted for installations on the island of Ramea (Newfoundland and Labrador) and on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation (South Dakota).[5][6] An installation at Ikaria Island, Greece, had entered the construction phase as of 2010.[1] The island of El Hierro is where the first world's first wind-hydro power station is expected to be complete.[7]Current TV called this 'a blueprint for a sustainable future on planet Earth'. It was designed to cover between 80-100% of the island's power and was set to be operational in 2012.[8] However, these expectations were not realized in practice, probably due to inadequate reservoir volume and persistent problems with grid stability.[9] 100% renewable energy systems require an over-capacity of wind or solar power.[10] Wind-hydrogen system[edit]One method of storing wind energy is the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen is subsequently used to generate electricity during periods when demand can not be matched by wind alone. The energy in the stored hydrogen can be converted into electrical power through fuel cell technology or a combustion engine linked to an electrical generator. Successfully storing hydrogen has many issues which need to be overcome, such as embrittlement of the materials used in the power system. This technology is being developed in many countries and has even seen a recent IPO of an Australian firm called Wind Hydrogen that looks to commercialise this technology in both Australia and the UK.[11] Essentially Wind Hydrogen offers a source of domestic and vehicular energy for rural communities where current energy transmission costs are prohibitive. Test sites include:
Wind-diesel system[edit]
Wind Diesel system on Ramea in Canada
A wind-diesel hybrid power system combines diesel generators and wind turbines,[21] usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control components, to generate electricity. They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and environmental impact of electrical generation in remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid.[21] Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport.[21] History[edit]Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialled in a number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of viable sites have been developed with increased reliability and minimized technical support costs in remote communities. Technology[edit]The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand of the usually variable load. The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long term. Sites such as Mawson Station, Antarctica, as well as Coral Bay and Bremer Bay in Australia have peak wind penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines (e.g. Enercon, Denham, Western Australia), controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), storing energy in a flywheel (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now being converted to wind hydrogen systems such as on Ramea in Canada which is due for completion in 2010. Communities using wind-diesel hybrids[edit]The following is a, probably incomplete, list of isolated communities utilizing commercial Wind-Diesel hybrid systems with a significant proportion of the energy being derived from wind.
Wind-diesel hybrids at mining sites[edit]Recently, in Northern Canada wind-diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote locations at Lac de Gras, in Canada's Northwest Territories, and Katinniq, Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, two systems are used to save fuel at mines. There is another system in Argentina.[43] Wind-compressed air systems[edit]At power stations that use compressed air energy storage (CAES), electrical energy is used to compress air and store it in underground facilities such as caverns or abandoned mines. During later periods of high electrical demand, the air is released to power turbines, generally using supplemental natural gas.[44] Power stations that make significant use of CAES are operational in McIntosh, Alabama, Germany, and Japan.[45] System disadvantages include some energy losses in the CAES process; also, the need for supplemental use of fossil fuels such as natural gas means that these systems do not completely make use of renewable energy.[46] The Iowa Stored Energy Park, projected to begin commercial operation in 2015, will use wind farms in Iowa as an energy source in conjunction with CAES.[47] Wind-solar systems[edit]
Horizontal axis wind-turbine, combined with a solar panel on a lighting pylon at Weihai, Shandong province, China
See also: Solar hybrid power systems
Wind-solar building[edit]The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, will mix solar panel on its windows and several wind turbines at different stories of its structure, allowing this tower to be energy positive. Wind-solar lighting[edit]In several parts of China & India, there are lighting pylons with combinations of solar panels and wind-turbines at their top. This allows space already used for lighting to be used more efficiently with two complementary energy productions units. Most common models use horizontal axis wind-turbines, but now models are appearing with vertical axis wind-turbines, using a helicoidal shaped, twisted-Savonius system. See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
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